Lu, L., J. Jiang, M. Zhan, H. Zhang, Q. T. Wang, S. N. Sun, X. K. Guo, H. Yin, Y. Wei, S. Y. Li, J. O. Liu, Y. Li and Y. W. He (2021). "Targeting Tumor-Associated Antigens in Hepatocellular Carcinoma for Immunotherapy: Past Pitfalls and Future Strategies." Hepatology 73(2): 821-832.

Recent studies on neoantigen identifications demonstrate that neoantigens are rarely presented on HCC tumor cells and suggest that it is necessary to target TAAs for immunotherapy of HCC and other cancers with intermediate and low TMBs. We proposed a three-pronged cancer vaccine platform that induces simultaneous activation of the three important cellular components of adaptive immunity: B lymphocytes, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T lymphocytes.