Mao S, Li S, Zhang Y, Long L, Peng J, Cao Y, Mao JZ, Qi X, Xin Q, San G, Ding J, Jiang J, Bai X, Wang Q, Xu P, Xia H, Lu L, Xie L, Kong D, Zhu S, Xu W. A highly efficient needle-free-injection delivery system for mRNA-LNP vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Nano Today. 2023 Feb;48:101730.

We demonstrated a needle-free injection (NFI) delivery system for mRNA-LNP vaccines across multiple mammalian models. Using freeze-dried mRNA-LNP COVID vaccines, the NFI method maintained high stability even under high-flow velocity conditions and effectively induced COVID-specific immune responses, as shown by antibody titers and ACE2 binding assays.